{"id":9134,"date":"2026-07-07T16:09:48","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T10:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/?p=9134"},"modified":"2026-07-07T16:09:48","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T10:24:48","slug":"independent-inquiry-commissions-in-nepal-who-forms-them-why-they-exist-and-how-they-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/articles\/independent-inquiry-commissions-in-nepal-who-forms-them-why-they-exist-and-how-they-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Independent Inquiry Commissions in Nepal: Who Forms Them, Why They Exist, and How They Work"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9134\" class=\"elementor elementor-9134\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-255390a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"255390a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7927ae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7927ae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When a crisis strikes, whether it is a violent crackdown on protesters, credible allegations of large-scale corruption, or the disappearance of citizens during conflict the public demands answers. The government is expected to act, and one of the most visible responses available to it is the formation of an independent inquiry commission. These bodies have become a familiar feature of Nepal&#8217;s public life, appointed at moments of national controversy to investigate events or institutions that ordinary government machinery is seen as unable to examine fairly.<\/p><p>This article explains the legal framework governing independent inquiry commissions in Nepal, the different types that exist, who can form them, the procedure by which they are constituted, and how their powers compare to those of a court of law. It draws on the Constitution of Nepal 2015, the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969), and other relevant legislation, and illustrates the principles through three real examples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26392b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26392b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-the-legal-framework-three-types-of-independent-commissions\">The Legal Framework: Three Types of Independent Commissions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef53b98 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ef53b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e19f5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e19f5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Not all independent commissions in Nepal are created equally. They fall into three broad categories, each resting on a different legal foundation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6388058 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"6388058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#aa80ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#9966ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M341.168 358.5c-8.284 0-15-6.716-15-15V215.72l-9.579 11.106c-5.411 6.273-14.882 6.973-21.156 1.562-6.273-5.411-6.973-14.882-1.562-21.156l35.938-41.667a15 15 0 0 1 26.359 9.797V343.5c0 8.284-6.716 15-15 15z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#9966ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M197.454 358.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.541 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.083-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#aa80ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstitutional commissions\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tConstitutional commissions are established by the Constitution of Nepal 2015 itself. They exist permanently, derive their mandate directly from the constitution, and can only be abolished or fundamentally changed by amending the constitution. The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA), established under Article 238 of the Constitution of Nepal 2015, is the clearest example. It investigates corruption and abuse of authority by public office holders. Other constitutional bodies include the National Human Rights Commission (Article 248), the Election Commission (Article 245), and the National Women Commission (Article 252).\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5118670 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5118670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff8080\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff3377\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M179.118 358.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.54 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.082-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff8080\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M326.458 358.535c-32.757 0-35.137-.794-37.165-1.47-5.033-1.677-8.792-5.474-10.312-10.417-2.393-7.778 1.91-14.042 3.748-16.718 1.667-2.427 4.137-5.662 7.877-10.559 8.735-11.438 24.996-32.729 52.237-71.651 8.22-11.744 13.52-22.292 15.761-31.363l.612-4.794c-.454-15.553-13.247-28.063-28.907-28.063-13.792 0-25.726 9.798-28.377 23.297-1.596 8.13-9.483 13.428-17.609 11.828-8.129-1.597-13.425-9.48-11.828-17.609 5.408-27.533 29.722-47.516 57.814-47.516 32.488 0 58.919 26.431 58.919 58.92 0 .636-.041 1.271-.121 1.901l-.848 6.639c-.063.5-.153.997-.267 1.487-3.01 12.982-9.932 27.273-20.572 42.475-21.591 30.85-36.394 50.793-46.061 63.573 16.588.026 38.991-.127 59.956-.391l.192-.001c8.196 0 14.892 6.592 14.995 14.812.104 8.284-6.527 15.083-14.811 15.188-24.445.307-42.233.432-55.233.432z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff3377\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStatutory commissions\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStatutory commissions are created by an Act of Parliament for a specific, defined purpose and continue to operate for as long as that Act remains in force. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and the Commission on Investigation of Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP) fall into this category, having been established under the Enforced Disappearances Enquiry, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, 2071 (2014). These bodies were created in response to the human rights violations of Nepal's decade-long armed conflict and were given specific mandates to investigate, record, and recommend remedies.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd528d elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5bd528d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#80a9ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#6680ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M374.766 254c12.015-10.765 19.592-26.387 19.592-43.75 0-32.395-26.355-58.75-58.75-58.75-28.011 0-52.255 19.926-57.647 47.379-1.597 8.129 3.698 16.013 11.827 17.61 8.128 1.596 16.014-3.698 17.61-11.828 2.637-13.42 14.5-23.161 28.21-23.161 15.853 0 28.75 12.897 28.75 28.75S351.461 239 335.608 239c-.459 0-.879.024-1.273.064-7.687.647-13.727 7.081-13.727 14.936s6.04 14.288 13.727 14.936c.394.04.814.064 1.273.064 15.853 0 28.75 12.897 28.75 28.75s-12.897 28.75-28.75 28.75c-14.265 0-26.505-10.628-28.471-24.721a29.098 29.098 0 0 1-.279-4.029c0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15s-15 6.716-15 15c0 2.73.19 5.48.566 8.175 4.024 28.832 29.037 50.575 58.184 50.575 32.395 0 58.75-26.355 58.75-58.75 0-17.363-7.577-32.985-19.592-43.75z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#6680ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M181.263 356.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.541 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.083-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#80a9ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExecutive inquiry commissions\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tExecutive inquiry commissions are the most common and the most ad hoc. They are formed by the Government of Nepal, acting through the Council of Ministers, under the authority of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969). They are temporary bodies, created for a defined purpose and a defined period, and they dissolve once they submit their report or once that period expires. The Karki Commission of 2025 is a recent example. The Rayamajhi Commission of 2006, which investigated killings during Jana Andolan II, is another.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-977d251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"977d251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Understanding which category, a commission belongs to matters, because it determines who created it, how it is governed, and what legal weight its findings carry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9e867d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9e867d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-why-are-independent-inquiry-commissions-formed\">Why Are Independent Inquiry Commissions Formed?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a732e1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0a732e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae788d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae788d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The reasons the government forms an inquiry commission rather than relying on the ordinary police, courts, or administrative machinery are both practical and political.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3764037 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3764037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#aa80ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#9966ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M341.168 358.5c-8.284 0-15-6.716-15-15V215.72l-9.579 11.106c-5.411 6.273-14.882 6.973-21.156 1.562-6.273-5.411-6.973-14.882-1.562-21.156l35.938-41.667a15 15 0 0 1 26.359 9.797V343.5c0 8.284-6.716 15-15 15z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#9966ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M197.454 358.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.541 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.083-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#aa80ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerceived independence\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOrdinary investigative agencies such as the Nepal Police or the Attorney General's Office are part of the executive branch. When the government itself is implicated in the events being investigated as is often the case in mass protest crackdowns or corruption scandals there is a legitimate concern that these agencies cannot investigate impartially. A commission with an independent membership, often drawn from the judiciary or retired public service, is intended to address that concern.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f91d3 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"09f91d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff8080\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff3377\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M179.118 358.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.54 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.082-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff8080\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M326.458 358.535c-32.757 0-35.137-.794-37.165-1.47-5.033-1.677-8.792-5.474-10.312-10.417-2.393-7.778 1.91-14.042 3.748-16.718 1.667-2.427 4.137-5.662 7.877-10.559 8.735-11.438 24.996-32.729 52.237-71.651 8.22-11.744 13.52-22.292 15.761-31.363l.612-4.794c-.454-15.553-13.247-28.063-28.907-28.063-13.792 0-25.726 9.798-28.377 23.297-1.596 8.13-9.483 13.428-17.609 11.828-8.129-1.597-13.425-9.48-11.828-17.609 5.408-27.533 29.722-47.516 57.814-47.516 32.488 0 58.919 26.431 58.919 58.92 0 .636-.041 1.271-.121 1.901l-.848 6.639c-.063.5-.153.997-.267 1.487-3.01 12.982-9.932 27.273-20.572 42.475-21.591 30.85-36.394 50.793-46.061 63.573 16.588.026 38.991-.127 59.956-.391l.192-.001c8.196 0 14.892 6.592 14.995 14.812.104 8.284-6.527 15.083-14.811 15.188-24.445.307-42.233.432-55.233.432z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff3377\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFact-finding rather than prosecution\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tA commission is primarily a fact-finding body. Its purpose is to establish what happened, identify the causes, and make recommendations. It is not a court and does not convict anyone. This makes it suited to situations where the priority is public accountability and policy reform rather than immediate criminal sanction.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ee92a3 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5ee92a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#80a9ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#6680ff\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M374.766 254c12.015-10.765 19.592-26.387 19.592-43.75 0-32.395-26.355-58.75-58.75-58.75-28.011 0-52.255 19.926-57.647 47.379-1.597 8.129 3.698 16.013 11.827 17.61 8.128 1.596 16.014-3.698 17.61-11.828 2.637-13.42 14.5-23.161 28.21-23.161 15.853 0 28.75 12.897 28.75 28.75S351.461 239 335.608 239c-.459 0-.879.024-1.273.064-7.687.647-13.727 7.081-13.727 14.936s6.04 14.288 13.727 14.936c.394.04.814.064 1.273.064 15.853 0 28.75 12.897 28.75 28.75s-12.897 28.75-28.75 28.75c-14.265 0-26.505-10.628-28.471-24.721a29.098 29.098 0 0 1-.279-4.029c0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15s-15 6.716-15 15c0 2.73.19 5.48.566 8.175 4.024 28.832 29.037 50.575 58.184 50.575 32.395 0 58.75-26.355 58.75-58.75 0-17.363-7.577-32.985-19.592-43.75z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#6680ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M181.263 356.5c-35.081 0-63.622-28.541-63.622-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.541-63.621 63.622-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.541 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.622 15.083-33.622 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.083 33.621 33.622 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.083-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#80a9ff\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpecialised inquiry\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSome matters require expertise that ordinary state machinery does not routinely have. A commission can include members selected for their specific knowledge retired judges, former police officers, lawyers, human rights experts assembled specifically for the task at hand.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1359cec elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1359cec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 512 512\" xml:space=\"preserve\" class=\"\">  <g>    <path fill=\"#e1e1ea\" d=\"m256 482 23.372 15.554L256 512c-68.38 0-132.67-26.63-181.02-74.98C26.63 388.67 0 324.38 0 256c0-11.03.71-22.09 2.1-32.88 2.04-15.95 5.62-31.79 10.63-47.06 1.64-5.01 3.49-10.07 5.48-15.03 3.08-7.69 11.81-11.43 19.5-8.34 7.69 3.08 11.43 11.81 8.34 19.5a223.65 223.65 0 0 0-4.82 13.23 224.636 224.636 0 0 0-9.37 41.52C30.62 236.49 30 246.26 30 256c0 60.37 23.51 117.12 66.19 159.81C138.88 458.49 195.63 482 256 482zM256 0l17.484 14.26L256 30c-52.49 0-103.63 18.4-144 51.82-6.39 5.29-15.84 4.4-21.12-1.99-5.29-6.38-4.4-15.83 1.99-21.11C138.6 20.85 196.54 0 256 0z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#e1e1ea\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#d0d0dd\" d=\"M419.13 453.28C373.4 491.15 315.46 512 256 512v-30c52.49 0 103.63-18.4 144-51.82 6.39-5.29 15.84-4.4 21.12 1.99 5.29 6.38 4.4 15.83-1.99 21.11zM512 256c0 11.03-.71 22.09-2.1 32.88a255.222 255.222 0 0 1-10.63 47.06c-1.64 5.01-3.49 10.07-5.48 15.03-2.35 5.86-7.98 9.42-13.92 9.42-1.86 0-3.75-.34-5.58-1.08-7.69-3.08-11.43-11.81-8.34-19.5 1.75-4.37 3.37-8.82 4.82-13.23 4.42-13.46 7.57-27.43 9.37-41.52 1.24-9.55 1.86-19.32 1.86-29.06 0-60.37-23.51-117.12-66.19-159.81C373.12 53.51 316.37 30 256 30V0c68.38 0 132.67 26.63 181.02 74.98S512 187.62 512 256z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#d0d0dd\"><\/path>    <circle cx=\"45\" cy=\"139.51\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ffbb33\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <circle cx=\"467\" cy=\"372.49\" r=\"45\" fill=\"#c6102e\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff9933\" class=\"\"><\/circle>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M173.405 358.5c-35.081 0-63.621-28.541-63.621-63.621v-77.758c0-35.081 28.54-63.621 63.621-63.621s63.621 28.541 63.621 63.621v77.758c0 35.08-28.54 63.621-63.621 63.621zm0-175c-18.539 0-33.621 15.083-33.621 33.621v77.758c0 18.539 15.082 33.621 33.621 33.621s33.621-15.083 33.621-33.621v-77.758c0-18.538-15.082-33.621-33.621-33.621z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ffbb33\" class=\"\"><\/path>    <path fill=\"#c6102e\" d=\"M364.452 358.5h-.132c-8.284-.071-14.942-6.845-14.87-15.129.096-11.114.194-23.576.286-36.521h-72.414a15 15 0 0 1-13.134-22.246c9.825-17.809 59.342-107.267 69.293-119.477 11.387-13.97 23.582-12.08 28.297-10.621 9.967 3.087 17.055 12.852 18.058 24.876.528 6.345.368 54.303.105 97.467h7.274c8.284 0 15 6.716 15 15s-6.716 15-15 15h-7.476c-.121 16.604-.234 30.143-.292 36.779-.069 8.241-6.772 14.872-14.995 14.872zm-61.654-81.65h47.136c.199-33.299.318-65.495.22-82.671-10.429 17.099-30.053 51.646-47.356 82.671z\" opacity=\"1\" data-original=\"#ff9933\" class=\"\"><\/path>  <\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPolitical legitimacy\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tForming a commission is also a visible political response to public pressure. When citizens demand answers and accountability, appointing a prominent former judge to lead an inquiry signal that the government takes the matter seriously. This political dimension is openly recognised in practice, even if it also generates criticism when commissions are seen as devices for delaying genuine accountability.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-203a3cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"203a3cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-who-forms-them\">Who Forms Them?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a059d0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9a059d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bef5a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0bef5a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For <strong>constitutional commissions<\/strong>, the Constitution itself is the founding instrument. Appointments are made by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council under Article 239 of the Constitution of Nepal 2015, following prescribed eligibility criteria including a minimum of twenty years of relevant experience.<\/p><p>For <strong>statutory commissions<\/strong>, Parliament creates the enabling act and the government constitutes the commission in accordance with that Act&#8217;s requirements on membership and qualifications.<\/p><p>For <strong>executive inquiry commissions<\/strong>, authority rests with the Council of Ministers acting under Section 3(2) of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969). No parliamentary approval is required. The Cabinet decides, and the decision is formalised by publication in the Nepal Gazette under Section 3(3) of the same Act. Where the commission includes a sitting or retired judge, Section 3(1) requires the government to consult the Judicial Council before making the designation<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0b4f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0b4f50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-how-is-a-commission-formed-the-legal-procedure\">How Is a Commission Formed? The Legal Procedure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3d2cb0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3d2cb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-840721f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"840721f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The formation of an executive inquiry commission under the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969) follows this sequence.<\/p><p>The Cabinet takes a decision to form the commission, identifying the subject matter, the members, the chairperson, and the reporting deadline. A notice is then published in the Nepal Gazette under Section 3(3) of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969). This gazette notice is the founding legal document: it defines the mandate precisely, and the commission has no authority beyond what the notice specifies.<\/p><p>Under Section 4(1), the commission&#8217;s functions are limited to those set out in the notice. It must complete its inquiry and submit a report, accompanied by its opinion, to the Government of Nepal within the specified period under Section 4(2). Where it cannot do so, Section 4(2a) allows the government to extend the period on the commission&#8217;s request with reasons given.<\/p><p>Once the report is submitted, Section 7 provides that the commission is automatically dissolved. The government may also dissolve it earlier by gazette notification if there is reasonable ground to believe the commission no longer serves any purpose.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcdfdb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcdfdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-case-study-1\">Case Study: 1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b78793c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b78793c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a837b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"20a837b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-the-karki-commission-2025-to-2026\">The Karki Commission (2025 to 2026)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcdca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcdca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Background:<\/strong> On 8 and 9 September 2025, Gen Z-led protests against corruption and a government social media ban escalated into clashes that killed 76 people, injured over 2,500, and caused damage estimated at Rs 85 billion.<\/p><p><strong>Legal Issue:<\/strong> What caused the violence, who bore responsibility, and what reforms were needed?<\/p><p><strong>Decision:<\/strong> The Cabinet formed a three-member commission chaired by former Special Court judge Gauri Bahadur Karki, with a former Additional Inspector General of Police and a lawyer as members. After extensions, the commission submitted its 907-page report to Prime Minister Sushila Karki on 8 March 2026.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3701ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a3701ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-case-study-2\">Case Study: 2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5136454 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5136454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ddd794 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ddd794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-the-rayamajhi-commission-2006\">The Rayamajhi Commission (2006)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c534ce0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c534ce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Background:<\/strong> Nepal&#8217;s Jana Andolan II of April 2006 involved security force action against protesters that resulted in deaths and injuries across the country. With the restoration of democracy, public demand for accountability was strong.<\/p><p><strong>Legal Issue:<\/strong> Who ordered the use of force against protesters and who was responsible for the resulting deaths?<\/p><p><strong>Decision:<\/strong> The government formed a commission chaired by former Chief Justice Krishnan Jung Rayamajhi. Its report named several officials as responsible for ordering the crackdown. The findings became material evidence in later Supreme Court proceedings: when the Supreme Court annulled the appointment of Lokman Singh Karki as Chief Commissioner of the CIAA, it noted the Rayamajhi Commission&#8217;s findings that Karki had been involved in suppressing Jana Andolan II.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28f7cdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28f7cdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-the-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-2015\">The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a4d11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16a4d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Background:<\/strong> Nepal&#8217;s armed conflict from 1996 to 2006 resulted in approximately thirteen thousand deaths and thousands of enforced disappearances. The 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement committed both sides to transitional justice mechanisms.<\/p><p><strong>Legal Issue:<\/strong> How should Nepal investigate, acknowledge, and remedy the human rights violations of the conflict period?<\/p><p><strong>Decision:<\/strong> Parliament enacted the Enforced Disappearances Enquiry, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, 2071 (2014), creating two statutory bodies: the TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission), to investigate gross violations and facilitate reconciliation, and the CIEDP (Commission on Investigation of Enforced Disappeared Persons), to investigate enforced disappearances specifically. Both were constituted in February 2015.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba3be17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba3be17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\" id=\"toc-conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dccf697 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dccf697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4351f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4351f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent inquiry commissions serve a genuine function in Nepal&#8217;s governance framework, providing a mechanism for structured, credible investigation when ordinary institutions cannot act impartially. The legal architecture is relatively coherent: constitutional commissions under the Constitution of Nepal 2015, statutory commissions under enabling Acts of Parliament, and executive inquiry commissions under the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 2026 (1969).<\/p><p>The practical limitation is equally clear. Advisory reports without implementation mechanisms mean that a commission&#8217;s value depends entirely on the political will of the government that receives its findings. Until a legal obligation is established requiring governments to formally respond to commission reports and to refer identified criminal conduct for prosecution these bodies will remain vulnerable to the charge that they serve process rather than accountability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When a crisis strikes, whether it is a violent crackdown on protesters, credible allegations of large-scale corruption, or the disappearance of citizens during conflict the public demands answers. The government is expected to act, and one of the most visible responses available to it is the formation of an independent inquiry commission. These bodies have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9163,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-federal-election"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9134"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9162,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9134\/revisions\/9162"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nepallaws.com\/election\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}